あ～。そ(contextual demonstrative pronoun (conversational))
1. さっき、山田さんに会ったよ。I met Mr.Yamamoto just now.
．．．え、あの人、今日本にいるんですか。Oh? Is he in Japan now?
In conversation, something directly known to both the speaker and the listener is indicated by 「あ（あれ、あの、あそこ。。。）」。
２．夕べは鈴木さんといっしょうにカラオケに行ったんです。Last night, Mr. Suzuki and I went for karaoke together.
．．．鈴木さん？その人、近所の人ですか。Mr.Suzuki? That person, is he in this neighborhood?
Something known to the speaker but not to the listener, or vice versa, is indicated by 「そ（それ、その、そこ）」
そ～（contextual demonstrative pronoun (sentence) )
３．会社を出たとき、駅のレストランで夕食を食べました。その
とき、財布を落としたんだと思います。
After leaving the office, I had dinner in the station restaurant.
I think I dropped my wallet then.
In sentences, 「そ（それ、その、そこ。。。）」 is used to refer something that appeared in the previous sentences.
。。。んじゃない？
V } plain form
いA }plain form
なA } plain form
N } ーな
４．元気がないですね。何か困っているがあるんじゃないですか。
。。。ええ、実は。。。
You look a bit glum. Is something bothering you, I wonder?
Yes, as a matter of fact...
「。。。んじゃないですか」is an informal form of 「。。。のではありませんか」. It is used in informal conversation when saying what the speaker is thinking.
５．最近、食欲がないの。
。。。どこか悪いんじゃない？一度病院で診てもらったほうがいいよ。
Lately, I lost my appetite.
...Do you feel wrong somewhere? You should once go to the hospital to receive a checkup.
「んじゃないですか」is sometimes shortened to 「んじゃない」 when used with someone with whom the speaker is on familiar terms. In formal conversation, it lengthens to 「のではないでしょうか」
～たところに・で
V ｛出ます、おります、行きます、わたります、曲がります｝ ＋ところです。
６．電話を降りたところで、会いましょう。
Just after hang up the phone, let`s meet.
Verbs indicating motion, such as 「行く、渡る、曲がる、出る」 (go, cross, turn and emerge) are used in the form of (Vた-form + ところ) to indicate the position arrived at after the motion has taken place
～（世）う (volitional form) とする・しない
V（よ）う＋とする。しない
７．家をようとしたとき、電話がかかってきた。
The phone rang as I was about to leave the house
「V（世）う(volitional form)とする・市内」indicates a situation that arises just before doing V, so「Vする」does not actually take place. When applied in this way, it is usually used together with「～とき」、「～たら」。
８．彼女のことを忘れようとしたが、忘れられない。
I tried to forget about her but, I can't.
It can also indicate that someone is trying to do V
９．妻は紅茶が好きで、お茶やコーヒーを飲もうとしない。
My wife likes black tea, and she has no interest in drinking green tea, coffee or anything like that.
「V(volitional form)としない」indicates that a person does not intend to do V. It is usually used in reference to people other than oneself.
。。。のだろうか
V } plain form
いA } plain form
なA } plain form
N } な
１０．この店ではクレジットカードが使えるのだろうか。
I wonder if this shop takes credit cards.
The expression 「X のだろうか」is used when asking oneself whether X is true or not. It can also be used with an interrogative such as「どう」、「何」、or「いつ」to ask oneself a question.
１１．地球の未来はどうなるのでしょうか。
I wonder, what will be the future of the earth?
It can also be used when asking someone else a question. Compared with 「X のですか」、which is more direct, 「X のでしょうか」is a gentler way of asking that does not demand an answer.
１２．このクラスでは日本語で話すチャンスがとても少ない。こんな勉強で会話が上手になるのだろうか。
There is a very little opportunity to speak Japanese in this class. I wonder whether it is really possible to improve one's conversation skills with a study method like this?
It can also be used in the form 「X のだろうか」 without an interrogative, when one wants to suggest that X is not true, or that one does not think X
～との・での・からの・までの・への～
N+{case particle+の｝＋N
１３．友達との北海道旅行は、とても楽しかったです。
The trip to Hokkaido with my friends was very enjoyable.
When a word with a case particle such as 「と、で、から、まで、or へ」attached is used to modify a noun, 「の」is appended to the particle, except if the particle is「に」, in which case「に」is changed to「へ」and「への」is used.
１４．日本での生活にもう慣れましたか。
Have you got used to life in Japan？
「の」is not appended to「が」or「を」either.
。。。だろう。。。だろうと思う(conjecture)
V
いA －＞plain form
なA
N
１５．アジアの経済はこれからますます発展するだろう。
The Asian economy will probably develop more and more from now on.
「。。。だろう」is the plain form of 「。。。でしょう」and is used in sentences in the plain style. It is used to express one's opinion conjecturally rather than definitely.
１６．彼なら、試験に合格するだろうと思います。
I think he will pass the exam.
In conversation, it is usual to append「と思う」 and use it in the form 「。。。だろうと思う」
